Mordern Linguistic Terms and their Sanskrit equivalents

This table is to give a short understanding of the Sanskrit equivalents for the popular Linguistics Terms for non-Sanskrit Linguists. Contains both applied and non-applied linguistics references - more to come

Linguistics Term (Subsystem)	Part	Derivatives	Sanskrit equivalent and  references
Language	Spoken	Communication	Bhasha
Phoneme (sound)	Sound	Auditory	Sabda
Lemma (psycholinguistics)	Abstract idea	Sound	Sphota - Vakyapadiya
-	vision	idea	Pashyanti (vision /flash)
-	idea	Mental image of a meaning	Madhyama (thought /medium)
Comprehension	Verbalized	Sound (meaningful)	Vaikari (uttered)
Word (Lexicon)	Verbalized /meaningful	Literal Meanings and Synonyms	Padam Many subdivisions depending on action, tense, mood, gender, etc.
Word creation /derivation (morphology)	morpheme	Root, Suffix and Stem meanings	Vyutpatti = Vyakarana – Prakriti + Pratyaya
Part of Speech = Word(s) in sentences	Prefix, Suffix and prepositions	Phrase meanings and changes	Vritti and Vigraha - meaning
Syntactic structure	Phrases and sentences	Literal Meanings of Phrases /words	Abhidha-meanings, Vibhaktis and relationship with Verb
Sound and Sense relation	Fitness compatibility	Causality relations	Yogyataa
Literal meaning of a unit of speech - phoneme	Word (stand alone)	Literal meaning /dictionary meaning	Two types – Yogaartha meaning from root, Rooddhyartha -meaning from usage – dictionary meaning
Genus	Word family	Meanings of Universals	Jati
Word sense	Sentence meaning and word meanings	Changes in word meanings in sentences	Kaaraka wrt. Akanksha
Semantics	Sentence meanings on the whole	Combined meanings from words and concepts	Kaaraka – Sentence meanings Vaachyaartha
Pragmatics	Sentence meanings - contextual	Combined meanings based on context	Avaachyaartha (in between words), Tatparyaartha, Vyangyartha – Samyogadi, Vaktraadi (Vakyapadiya, Paramalaghumnjusha)
Dictionary	-	Meanings	Kosha
Thesaurus	-	Synonyms	Kosha – Amaram, Medhini, etc.
Encyclopedia	-	Conceptual Understanding	Nighantu

 

Many of the modern concepts in Linguistics such as Semantics, Pragmatics, Psycholinguistics, etc. have been dealt in ancient Sanskrit treatises in detail, including with multiple view points - from 14 different philosophical schools - such as 6 Dharsana + 4 Bouddha + 1 Jaina + 1 Charvaka + 1 Rasa + 1 Vyakarana - (which contains the Original language structure). Each one of these schools had their own Ontology, Epistemology, Linguistic theories, etc.


Of these schools only 3 emerged popular - Vyakarana, Mimamsa and Nyaya (later two belongs to the Dharsana). These 3 philosophical schools of linguistics analysis - developed their own abstract methods of meaning analysis - the mechanism is called "Saabda Bodha". From the concepts of Navya Nyaya and Saabda Bodha, western logicians and mathameticians developed the symbolic representation of languge units & linguistics - that will be covered later.

Will add more in this subject of linguistics terms -CGK